Science, Philosophy, and History and Philosophy of Science Links

Mathematics

EquMath: Math Lessons - Collection of Math Lessons from Algebra to Differential Equations The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Coping With Math Anxiety An overview of the history of mathematics Mathematical topics The History of Mathematics History of Mathemathics Links History of Mathemathics Links The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Limits On Infinity Non-Euclidean geometry Platonic Solids The Mathematical Art of M.C. Escher Eugene Wigner - The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences; local file. Eugene Wigner, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences (PDF) ; local file The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics by R. W. Hamming The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics by R. W. Hamming; local file. A reply to Eugene Wigner’s paper, "The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the Natural Sciences" and Hamming’s essay "The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics"; local file.

EquPlus: Science and Math Equations Euclid's Elements Euclid's Axioms and Postulates John Dee - The Mathematicall Praeface Foundations of Mathematics by David Hilbert (1927) Hilbert's Axioms of Geometry A history of the calculus Philosophical Problems with Calculus Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss Hilbert’s Problems The Cantor Set Carroll’s Paradox Godel's The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy On Gödel's Philosophy of Mathematics Gödel’s Theorems Is mathematics a sciemtific discipline? A Hundred Years of Controversy Regarding the Foundations of Mathematics Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics Leibniz From Riemann’s Standpoint

Math Encyclopedia Math Books Math Pages History of Mathematics Book History of mathematics links Chronology of important dates in the development of mathematics Chronology for 500BC to 1AD An overview of Indian mathematics The Beginnings of Trigonometry Trigonometric Functions and Identities Differentiation Rules Integration Forms Cellular Automata Computing machinery and intelligence - A.M. Turing, 1950 The Foundations of Mathematics by David Hilbert (1927) The Foundations of Mathematics by David Hilbert (1927) (in case the above link is broken) Mathematical Problems by David Hilbert Foundations Study Guide: Philosophy of Mathematics The Logical and Metaphysical Foundations of Classical Mathematics Mathematicians Infinite Reflections On Existence and Infinity in Mathematics

Physics

What good is fundamental physics to the person on the street? Glossary: SLAC Virtual Visitor Center Physical Review Focus A Brief History and Philosophy of Physics Eleven Science Questions for the New Century The 11 Greatest Unanswered Questions of Physics 11 Physics Questions for the New Century The intangible Universe Why Bother with Extra Dimensions? Physics Info Physics Encyclopaedia NASA's Physics Glossary About Physics - Reference Physics Glossary On Physics History of Physics Scientific American - Ask the Experts (Physics) Fermilab Physics - Inquiring Minds Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry and Physics Forces Forces and Virtual Particles The double-slit experiment Schroedinger's "cat paradox" paper Math & Culture Course Reader: Copernicus' & Galileo's Texts and More The Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy Ptolemaic System Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310 - ca. 230 B.C.) and the Ptolemaic System of the World (150 A.D.) Copernican System Copernican System 2 The Copernican Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus's On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres Nicholas Copernicus De Revolutionibus (On the Revolutions), 1543 C.E. Why did Copernicus' heliocentric theory survive? Giordano Bruno - The Ash Wednesday Supper Aquinas and Geocentrism Galileo's Works Galileo on detecting motion Galileo's Second Day On Galileo's method Galileo's Considerations on the Copernican Opinion (1615) Galileo - Dialogo Sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems - Day 1 Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems - Day 2 Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems - Day 3 Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems All Days Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in Brief Galileo's Dialogue Concerning Two New Sciences Preface to Galileo's Dialogue Concerning Two New Sciences Galileo's Dialogue Concerning Two New Sciences 2 Einstein's foreword to Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Galileo and the Rise of Mechanism Early Ideas about Light Propagation and Galileo's Principle of Relativity Galileo - Notes on Motion Galileo - Notes on Motion On Galileo On Galileo 2 Galileo and Einstein Galileo and Einstein 2 The History of Gravitation Kepler's Laws The Death of the Circle - an essay on Kepler's discovery of the ellipse www.newton.org.uk Biographical Sketch of Newton Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy The Apple, the Moon, and the Inverse Square Law Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation John Gribbin - Introduction to Cosmology Erwin Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics" (Schroedingers "cat paradox" paper) Erwin Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics" (Schroedingers "cat paradox" paper) Schrodinger's cat paradox Links "On the Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics" by Anton Zeilinger "Quantum Nonlocality and the Possibility of Superluminal Effects" by John G. Cramer

Astronomy Resources - astronomy related news, books and web resources How Newton Built on Galileo's Ideas Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation Newton on Gravity Newton's Apple and Gravity Newton's theory of "Universal Gravitation" Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Gravity Gravitation Gravity & Cosmology Glossary General Relativity General Relativity 2 Special and General Relativity Primer to SR What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity? Relativity and Cosmology Einstein's Relativity and Modern Cosmology Motions of Planets - History of Astronomy The Nine Planets Astronomy and Cosmology Astronomy online Astronomy online Cosmology Articles The Birth of Rational Cosmology Notes on Hellenistic Astronomy Brief History of Astronomy Astronomy Hubble Telescope Images Great Books - Astronomy Introduction to Astronomy Astronomy 123: Galaxies and the Expanding Universe A Virtual Astronomy Text Cosmology online Fundamental Isuues in Cosmology A brief history of cosmology Cosmology Advanced Cosmology History of the Universe - Cosmology - Big Bang Open Questions and Unsolved Mysteries in Particle Physics and Cosmology Modern Observational Cosmology Black Holes - Science Background Creation The Big Bang Errors in some popular attacks on the Big Bang Black Holes Black Holes 2 Problems in Standard Big Bang Cosmology A. Linde's site - Inflationary Universe Linde's Article "The Self-Reproducing Inflationary Universe" On the fate of the Universe Cosmology An Exposition on Inflationary Cosmology Cosmology Notes John Gribbin on Cosmology, Quantum Mysteries, and More Ekpyrotic Universe Cosmology and Cosmythology General Relativity and Cosmology Quantum Gravity Three Roads to Quantum Gravity - Review Three Roads to Quantum Gravity A Brief History of Time A Brief History of Time Einstein's Theory of Gravity Online Course - Foundations of Cosmological Thought The Anthropic Principle The Anthropic Principle - Cambridge University Cosmological Physics A Knowledgebase for Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology Timetable of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Clifford M. Will - Einstein's Relativity and Everyday Life The EPR Paradox and Quantum Reality QM Links N. Bohr: The Correspondence Principle On the Correspondence Principle MathPages Physics Misconceptions in special relativity

History of Atoms Atomic Structure Timeline A history of Quantum Mechanics Heisenberg's Physics and Philosophy, Ch. 2 Heisenberg's Physics and Philosophy, Ch. 3 Heisenberg's Physics and Philosophy, Ch. 5 M. Planck Discovers the Quantum of Action Rutherford's full 1911 paper on the discovery of the nucleus Bohr - Atomic Structure, Nature,1921 Uhlenbeck & Goudsmit discover spin in 1925 Pauli on the fourth quantum number - 1925 paper Chadwick discovers the neutron in 1932 The Electron Centennial Page Electron A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics Holism and Nonseparability in Physics 100 Years of the Quantum History of QM and More The Universe in an Atom Modern Physics Quantum Physics Quantum Theory Particle Adventure Particle Physics Timeline Particle Physics Elementary Particle Physics Glossary Online Particle Physics Information Elementary Particle Physics Glossary Particle Physics - Stanford Higgs Boson Paul Davis' articles on Physics and Life Paul Davis' articles on Physics and Life 2 What good is fundamental physics to the person on the street? The Ontology and Cosmology of Non-Euclidean Geometry Einstein's revolution Einstein Online Einstein Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" Relativity The Special and General Theory by A. Einstein (1924) Relativity The Special and General Theory by A. Einstein (1924) - 2 Relativity The Special and General Theory by A. Einstein (1924) - 3 Einstein and Relativity Relativity Theory The Relativity of Space, Henri Poincare (from Science & Method) Henri Poincaré's Science and Hypothesis Einstein Links Einstein: On the idea of time in physics On Space Special Relativity Special and General Relativity Theory Reflections on Relativity Experimental Basis of Special Relativity Michelson-Morley Experiment Special Relativity in Brief Relativity Tutorial Relativity Basics On the Twin Paradox On the Twin Paradox 2 Space and Time Spacetime Philosophy of Nature and Quantum Reality The Hole Argument and the Price of Spacetime Substantivalism CERN - Science silent on mass Higgs Boson Particle Remains Elusive God particle may not exist P Davies - The Mind of God P Davies - The Mind of God "On the Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics" by Anton Zeilinger Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics by Niels Bohr Albert Einstein Online

Chemistry

American Elements Chemistry: Periodic Table WWW Chemistry Guide - Chemistry Resources Worldwide Periodic chart of elements Alchemy History of Alchemy Philosophers on Alchemy History of Chemistry Chemistry: A History Chemistry: A Historical Perspective Chemistry Resources Chemistry Tutorial Joseph Priestley on Phlogiston Alchemy Through Chemistry Online Course Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge The Chemical Core of Chemistry I: A Conceptual Approach Epistemology of Material Properties Chemistry Info

From Alchemy to Chemistry Alchemy Through Chemistry History of elements Periodic Table of the Elements Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry Some answers from Scientific American Physical Chemistry: neither Fish nor Fowl? Challenging Standard Distinctions between Science and Technology: The Case of Preparative Chemistry Philosophical Implications of Symmetry and Dis-symmetry in Chemistry Varieties of Chemical Closure: Three Kinds of Coherence Observed in Chemical Systems, and Their Relation to Societal Integrations

On Chemistry Chemistry Resources General Chemistry Glossary Chemistry Glossary Chemistry in a Nutshell The Atomists: Leucippus of Miletus and Democritus of Abdera The Atomists into Aristotle Dalton's atomic theory John Dalton's "A New System of Chemical Philosophy" A short history of the periodic table D Mendeleev Mendeleev's Original Periodic Table Mendeleev's Original Periodic Table Periodic Table Periodic Table 2 Case Studies Collection

Biology

False dawns in the brave world of New Genetics Origin of life links Origins of Life Biology and the Origin of Life The Beginnings of Life on Earth Nature:Origins of life Spontaneous Generation Theories of Spontaneous Generation Biology -- Reproduction Biology Links: Evolution Human Biology Biology and Evolutionary Theory A History of Evolutionary Thought The Alfred Russel Wallace Page On Alfred Russel Wallace Darwin-Wallace 1858 Paper on Evolution Charles Darwin and Evolution Charles Darwin - Works Charles Darwin - On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Charles Darwin - The Origin of Species BBC: Full text of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science Introduction to Evolutionary Biology The Origin of the Universe, Earth, and Life Origin of Life New Life in a Death Trap Fossil Life in martian meteorites? Vision, Navigation, Mobility and the Brain Primates, Dinosaurs Coexisted ? Human origins debate Darwinism's Rules of Reasoning The Use and Abuse of Philosophy of Science Evolution – a brief introduction Creationism and evolution: questions in the classroom The Revolution Against Evolution What every theologian should know about creation, evolution and design BBC - Warning of confusion over Creationism British Scientists Square Off Over Evolution Teaching UK: Creation scientists answer back UK: Top school's creationists preach value of biblical story over evolution 17 Evidences Against Evolution Creation Science Resources: Age Dating Techniques and Resources The General Anti-Creationism FAQ Anti-Evolution - Descent of Man Theory: Disproved by Molecular Biology by Richard Deem

Biology Book Online Biology Hypertextbook Biology Dictionary Biology Dictionary 2 Learning Biology Online Instructional Resources in Biology Biology Resources Biology Links The Beginnings of Life on Earth by Christian de Duve (American Scientist, September-October 1995) Creationism The Unraveling of Scientific Materialism by Phillip E. Johnson Creation/Evolution Controversy Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences Arguments against Creationism Evidence Supporting Biological Evolution Evolution and Creationism Evolution and the Fossil Record Evolution Happens Evolution and Philosophy Human Evolution Evolution - FAQ Experiments in Plant Hybridization (1865) by Gregor Mendel Mendel Web Mendel and the Gene Idea Mendelian Genetics Mendel, Mendelism and Genetics Basic Genetics The Modern Synthesis of Genetics and Evolution Virtual Library on Genetics Human Genome Project Genome Glossary All Chromosomes Exploring Genes & Genetic Disorders Primer on Molecular Genetics Genetics Literature Genetics and Ethics Genetics Websites Genetics Original Papers Molecular Biology and Genetics - Case Studies Your Genes, Your Choices Genetic Science Learning Cente A Gene Map of the Human Genome Human Genetics Commission Human Cloning Foundation Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry Recent articles on Cloning and Stem Cells The Stephen Jay Gould Archive The Stephen Jay Gould Library Punctuated Equilibrium's Threefold History by Stephen Jay Gould What you need to know about Punctuated Equilibrium The Left Handed DNA DNA and the meaning of life Just before Watson and Crick Virtual Life-Forms Mutate, Shedding Light on Evolution

Microbes.info - The Microbiology Information Portal Biology Environment Human Genome Project Information Human Genome Research The Science Behind the Human Genome Project Human Genome Human Genome Q & A Genomic Glossary Genome Glossary The Human Genome Genomics Lexicon Cloning  &  Biotechnology Cloning Fact Sheet Genetic Engineering Cellular Biology Stem Cell Debate The Stem Cell Debate: Ethical Questions Case study notes Bioethics BBC Human Genome Genetic Terms Genetic Engineering Brain - the seat of the soul? John Dewey's "Soul and Body" Towards a theory of biological organization Evolutionary Biology - Case Studies 223 enigmatic genes ?! Eugenics History Eugenics Archive Eugenics Links Is a New Eugenics Afoot Your Genes, Your Health Eugenics and Other Evils by G.K. Chesterton (1922) Le Monde diplomatique - Long pursuit of racial purity Gene Almanac Stem Cells: A Primer Stem Cell Information Stem Cells: Scientific Progress and Future Research Directions (Report) Stem Cell News Stem cell research Stem cell debate Stem cell debate 2 Stem cell debate 3 Genetic Ethics Genetic Engineering and Society http://www.panspermia.org/ Neo-Darwinism: The Current Paradigm Evolution versus Creationism National Center for Science Education Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science Evolution Happens Institute for Creation Research Towards a New Ethic of Science and More Taking Science Seriously in the GM Debate Why Clone At All? Cloning Humans: Failure Will Be the Norm Gene Therapy Oversold by Scientists Who Disregard Risks Artificial Cells

Time, Relativity, and Existence

Aristotle on Space, Time, and Motion The Confessions of Saint Augustine St. Augustine St. Augustine 2 C Hinton on the 4th dimension On the 4th dimension Four-Dimensionalism Arthur Prior on Past, Present, and Future Hans Reichenbach on Time, Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Causality, and Conventionalism The Study of Space and Time "The evolution of the concepts of space and time" by M Bradie and C Duncan Time, Space and Reality and Modern Physics Consciousness as Existence by Ted Honderich L. Nathan Oaklander: "Problems of Time and Change" Time and Becoming by William Grey Henri Bergson's Time and Free Will Does the theory of relativity relativize existence as well?

Being and Becoming in Modern Physics Being and Becoming in Modern Physics 2 Book online: The Evolution of the Concepts of Space and Time Hermann Minkowski, Space and Time (in German - original publication) Minkowski Spacetime The Time of Our Lives Timing Transcendental Tense Determinism is not fatalism Book online: The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time A Very Brief History of Time Is Time Travel A Logical Possibility? Time Travel and Modern Physics An introduction to the philosophy of space and time Papers on The Philosophy of Time by Quentin Smith Time by Ned Markosian Time by Bradley Dowden Four-Dimensionalism by T. Sider A few brief thoughts on Relativity and free will (Attention: there are three major errors there - relativity of simultaneity, causality, and changeability of the past) D. H. Mellor

Physics and Philosophy of Space and Time The Temporalization of Time in Modern Philosophy Conventionality of Simultaneity Natural Time and Human Time Time and Change Robert Pendleton on Time, Mind and Free Will Change Without Time Time and Free-Will Mind and Free Will Papers on Free Will Meaning in life without free will Time, Eternity, and Predestination Comments on "Time and Eternity" Arrow of Time: Towards a New Epistemology of Science Consciousness and Existence Arrow of Time: Towards a New Epistemology of Science Time's Arrow & Archimedes' Point The Experience and Perception of Time by Robin Le Poidevin Granting Time Its Passage by Andrew W. Lamb J R Lucas - A Century of Time

Mind-Body, Religion

The Skeptic's Dictionary Hypothesis on Consciousness C D Broad, Mind and Its Place in Nature, 1925 The Case Against Immortality The Myth of the Soul The Soul Mind-Brain Dependence as Twofold Support for Atheism On Life after Death 'Near death experiences' probed Brain Cited in 'Out-of-Body' Claims Near Death Experience Study in the UK Views on Near Death Experience Near Death Studies Organization in the UK Near death experience in UK Life after near death Arguments against Euthanasia

Time, Eternity, and Predestination God, Time, and Eternity God and Real Time The Special Theory of Relativity and Theories of Divine Eternity Theosophical Perspectives on Science Science, Religion, and Humanism Has Science Found God? Essay Reviews from Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith Theological issues in light of physics and cosmology Origins - Debates and More The Fear of God Articles by Phillip E. Johnson The Myth of Free Will Determinism And Free Will On Free Will Personal Responsibility All the Way Down Quantum Mechanics and Free Will Quantum Physics and Free Will - A Misguided Concept John Dewey and the Proble of Free Will Free Will as a Problem in Neurobiology by John R. Searle The Biology of Free Will

The Origin of Life - The "Hardware" Artificial Intelligence and the Humanities Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence by John McCarthy and Patrick J. Hayes Artificial intelligence, logic and formalizing common sense by John McCarthy Proofs of the existence of God Perspective on Science and Faith Religion on Science Matters Stephen Hawking, The Big Bang, and God Institute for Creation Research - The Big Bang Theory Collapses Theosophical Perspectives on Science: Cosmology and the Big Bang The Teleological Argument and the Anthropic Principle Spontaneous Devolution Bertrand Russell - Why I am Not a Christian Responses to Christianity Henri Bergson's Matter and Memory

Libraries

McGill Library McGill MUSE McGill Science WU Library WU Physics US National Library of Medicine Archive for the History of Economic Thought Science and Religion Bibliography Online Etymology Dictionary The Prince by Nicolo Machiavelli The Republic by Plato

Mercury Concordia Mercury Search Ecole Polytechnique Library Links DataBase Links The Plucker Book Repository Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Thesaurus and hundreds more Online books - The Literature Page Guidelines on Writing a Philosophy Paper Lectures on Twentieth Century Europe The Paradox of Self-Amendment:A Study of Law, Logic, Omnipotence, and Change

E-Journals Quebec Libraries Montreal University MU Physics MU Libraries Library of Congress Useful Links Classic Reader Bibles The Holy Bible, King James Version